MIGRATION - Aspect of Population

MIGRATION

Q1. Define Migration.

It is the process of movement of people from one place to another. It is a non-biological component of demographic studies. It helps in the redistribution of population, resources and diffusion of culture.

Q2. Who is a Migrant?

Migrant is defined as the people who have leaved their place of birth for more than 5 years of more.

BASIC – CONCEPTS OF MIGRATION

1.    Internal Migration and International Migration

2.    In – Migration and Out – Migration

3.    Emigration and Immigration

4.    Step Migration and Sequential Migration

Q3. Distinguish between Internal Migration and International Migration.

Internal Migration	International Migration
Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one place to another within the geographical boundary of a country. Ø  Example: A person from Trashigang moves to Thimphu.	Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one country to another by crossing the geographical boundary of a country. Ø  Example: A person from Thimphu moves to Australia.

Q4. How is In – Migration different from Out – Migration?

In – Migration	Out – Migration
Ø  When the people move into a new place from their previous place within the country. Ø  Example: A person moves into Punakha from Gasa.	Ø  When the people move out from their place of residence to some other place within the country. Ø  Example: A person from Gasa moves out to Punakha.

Q5. What is the difference between Emigration and Immigration?

Emigration	Immigration
Ø  When the people move out from their country to some other countries by crossing the geographical boundary. Ø  Example: A person from Bhutan moving out to Thailand.	Ø  When the people move into a new country leaving their previous country by crossing the geographical boundary. Ø  Example: A person from Bhutan entering into Thailand.

Q6. Discuss the distinction between Step Migration and Sequential migration.

Step Migration	Sequential Migration
Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one place to another in steps or stages. Ø  Example: A person moving from village to town and later to a city.	Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one place to another in sequence or line. Ø  Example: Children migrating with their parents and old-aged parents’ moves with their children.

MAJOR TYPES OF MIGRATION

The types of migration in Bhutan can be classified into FOUR types on the bases of origin and destination.

1.    Rural – Rural Migration

2.    Rural – Urban Migration

3.    Urban – Urban Migration

4.    Urban – Rural Migration

1.    Rural – Rural Migration

The process of movement of people between villages either because of social or economic reasons, in search of fertile soil etc.

2.    Rural – Urban Migration

The process of movement of people from village to town or from countryside towards town or cities because of following reasons:

·         Employment opportunities.

·         High and regular wage rate or income.

·         Better facilities such as education, health, transport, communication etc.

·         Drudgery of farm works.

·         Crop damage by wild animals.

·         Lack of facilities, etc.

Q. “Rural – Urban Migration is common in Bhutan”. Do you agree? Write FOUR causes and FOUR solutions to check this migration.

Ø  CAUSES

1.    Employment opportunities in urban areas.

2.    High and regular wage rate or income in urban centers.

3.    Better facilities such as education, health, transport, communication etc. in urban areas.

4.    Drudgery of farm works.

5.    Crop damage by wild animals.

6.    Lack of facilities, etc. in rural areas.

Ø  SOLUTIONS/REMEDIES/MEASURES

1.    Establishment of cottage and small scale industries in the rural areas.

2.    Providing primary education and basic health units in the rural areas.

3.    Construction of farm and feeder roads.

4.  Providing modern amenities such as electricity, safe drinking water, good communication network etc.

5.    By developing agricultural sectors (providing agriculture loans, modern equipments and tools and high yielding varieties of seeds).

7.    Urban – Urban Migration

The process of movement of people from town to town because of government job transfer, trade related reasons etc.

8.    Urban – Rural Migration

The process of movement of people from town to village due to retirement from job, health problems, due to governmental policy in rural development programmes, etc.

MIGRATION TRENDS IN BHUTAN

1.    Intra – Dzongkhag Migration

2.    Inter – Dzongkhag Migration

1.    Intra – Dzongkhag Migration

The migration of people from one place to another within the Dzongkhag is called Intra – Dzongkhag migration.

Example: A person from Phuentsholing town moves to Gaedu town within Chhukha                 Dzongkhag.

2.    Inter – Dzongkhag Migration

The migration of people from one Dzongkhag to another is called Inter – Dzongkhag migration.

Example: A person migrating from Trashigang to Bumthang or Bumthang to Thimphu etc.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

The factors causing migration are:

1.    Economic Factors

2.    Socio-cultural Factors

3.    Demographic Factors

4.    Political Factors

5.    Environmental Factors

The above factors can be grouped into TWO categories – PUSH AND PULL FACTORS.

PUSH FACTORS	PULL FACTORS
1.    Unemployment and underemployment 2.    Low wage rates 3.    Population pressure 4.    Under-population 5.    Lack of  basic amenities 6.    Marriages 7.    Lack of education and health facilities 8.    Lack of infrastructure facilities 9.    Small Land holding 10.  Natural calamities 11.  Climate condition	1.    Better employment opportunities 2.    High and regular wage / income 3.    Job security 4.    Better education and health facilities 5.    Good network of transport and communication 6.    Variety of entertainment 7.    Faster promotion 8.    Better basic needs 9.    Good marketing facilities 10.  Business opportunities 11.  Better living standard

CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

Advantages (Positive)	Disadvantages (Negative)
1.    Helps in redistribution of population 2.    Proper utilization of resources 3.    Helps in cultural diffusion 4.    Improve living standard 5.    Human resource development 6.    Clean environment due to out­-migration 7.    More inheritance of family properties	1.    Over population and depopulation 2.    Over and under-utilization of resources 3.    Increase crime rates 4.    Social problems 5.    Political problems 6.    Family cohesion 7.    Farm labour shortage

GROWTH OF POPULATION

GROWTH OF POPULATION

1.    Growth Rate 

It is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between any two points of time. It is expressed in terms of percentage (%). The growth rate of Bhutan was 1.3% per year.

                               Present Population – Past Population

Growth Rate =                                                                        × 100

                                              Past Population

2.    Natural Growth of Population

It refers to the difference between the natural birth rates and natural death rates.

3.    Positive Growth of Population

The population is said to be positive when the births rates are higher than the death rates in any given area for any given points of time.

4.    Negative Growth of Population

The population is said to be negative when the death rates are higher than the birth rates in any given area for any given points of time.

5.    Static Population

It is a situation where the population of a country remains constant for a short period of time. It is possible when birth rates and death rates are perfectly equal. OR Birth rates and Death rates are zero.

6.    Migratory Growth of Population

The population of an area increases due to influx (incoming) of people or population from other areas or the growth of population due to migration.

TRENDS OF POPULATION GROWTH IN BHUTAN

Bhutan is an under-populated country. Given its small geographical size of 38,394 sq.kms, the population of 6, 34,982 persons can be considered small. Even in the region of South Asia, Bhutan’s population is very small. But, the population in Bhutan show as increasing trend in the last 40 years or so...

In 1990s, the average annual growth rate was around 2.5% to 3 %. However, due to the planned efforts of the government through education and better health, the growth rate is showing decline in the recent years of about 1.3% per year as per PHCB 2005.

ASPECTS OF POPULATION - FERTILITY & MORTALITY

FERTILITY

It refers to the actual number of children born to a woman in her entire life time. OR it refers to the occurrence of birth.

Q. Distinguish between fertility and fecundity.

Fertility	Fecundity
Ø  It refers to the actual number of children born to a woman in her entire life time. Ø  It is determined by cultural, social and economic factors.	Ø  It refers to the reproductive capacity of a woman during her entire reproductive period. Ø  It is determined biological factor only.

Some of the important measures of fertility are:

1)    Birth Rate

2)    Crude Birth Rate

3)    Child Woman Ratio / Fertility Ratio

4)    General Fertility Rate

5)    Total Fertility Rate

6)    Gross Fertility Rate

1)    Birth Rate – It refers to the number of births occurred in a year per thousand population. It is calculated as:

BR = B/P×K

                                                           Where;     B – Total Births

                                                                        P – Total Female Population

                                                                        K – Constant (i.e. 1000)

2)    Crude Birth Rate – It is expressed in terms of the number of births occurred in a year per thousand population.

 

CBR = B/P×K

                                                       Where;       B – Total Births

                                                                      P – Total Population

                                                                      K – Constant (i.e. 1000)

3)    Child Woman Ratio – It is expressed in terms of number of children below five years of age per thousand women in the reproductive age group.

Number of Children (0 – 4 years) CWR =                                                        × 1000                   Total Women (15 – 49 years)

4)    General Fertility Rate – It is the ratio of the total live births occurring in a year for a given area to the number of women in the child-bearing age group.

Total Live Births    GFR =                                            × 1000                   Total Women (15 – 49 years)

5)    Total Fertility Rate – It refers to the total number of children born to a woman in her life time to the total number of women in child-bearing age groups.

Total Number of Children TFR =                                                    × 1000                   Total Women (15 – 49 years)

6)    Gross Fertility Rate – It is the number of female children born to a woman in her entire life time.

Total Number of Female Children GFR =                                                          × 1000                   Total Women (15 – 49 years)

MORTALITY

It refers to the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at time after the birth has taken place. Still birth and abortion are not included in mortality.

Some of the measures of Mortality are:

1)    Crude Death Rate

2)    Infant Mortality Rate

3)    Maternal Mortality Rate

4)    Child Mortality Rate

5)    Life Expectancy

1)    Crude Death Rate – It is the ratio of total number of deaths occurring in given place to the total population of that place. It is calculated as:

CDR = D/P×K

                                                       Where;   D – Total Deaths

                                                                    P – Total Population

                                                                    K – Constant (i.e. 1000)

2)    Infant Mortality Rate – It is a ratio of infant deaths (babies below one year age) to the total number of live births registered in same year.

IMR = d/B×K

                                                       Where;    d – Total infant Deaths

                                                                    B – Total Live Births

                                                                    K – Constant (i.e. 1000)

3)    Maternal Mortality Rate – It is ratio of pregnant women who died in a year to the total number of live births registered in a year.

Number of Pregnant mothers died in year MMR                                                                         × 1000                   Total Number of Live Births in that year

4)    Child Mortality Rate – It is the ratio of death of children below 5 years to the total number of children aged 1 to 5 years.

Number of death of Children below 5 years CMR                                                                           × 1000                   Total Number of Children (1 – 5 years)

5)    Life Expectancy – It means the average numbers of years that a person is expected to live after birth. OR It refers to the average expectation of life at birth.

In Bhutan, the average life expectancy is 66 years.

           Total No. of registered death in year at a definite country

LE =     

                 Total No. of persons death during the same year

QUESTIONS

1)     “Maternal Mortality Rate used to be very higher in olden days”. Write down FOUR reasons support this statement.

1.    Due to lack of health facilities.

2.    Due to lack of transportation network.

3.    Less family support.

4.    Lack of protein or nutritious food.

5.    Due to early marriage.

2)    “IMR, CMR and MMR have been declined drastically in the present days”. Give FOUR reasons to support the statement.

1.    Better and improved health facilities.

2.    Good transportation facilities.

3.    High or improved living standard of the people.

4.    Good care of mother and baby.

5.    Woman literacy.

3)    “Life Expectancy of Bhutanese people has increased from 46 years to 66 years”. Write down FOUR factors in favour of this statement.

1.    Due to increased health facilities to the people at large.

2.    Due to over-all improvement in the living standard of the people.

3.    Due to advanced science and technology.

4.    Due to establishment of health centers such as BHUs, clinic centers etc. at village and gewog level.