FERTILITY
It refers to
the actual number of children born to a woman in her entire life time. OR it
refers to the occurrence of birth.
Q. Distinguish between fertility and
fecundity.
Fertility
|
Fecundity
|
Ø
It
refers to the actual number of children born to a woman in her entire life
time.
Ø
It
is determined by cultural, social and economic factors.
|
Ø
It
refers to the reproductive capacity of a woman during her entire reproductive
period.
Ø
It
is determined biological factor only.
|
Some of the
important measures of fertility are:
1)
Birth
Rate
2)
Crude
Birth Rate
3)
Child
Woman Ratio / Fertility Ratio
4)
General
Fertility Rate
5)
Total
Fertility Rate
6)
Gross
Fertility Rate
1)
Birth Rate – It refers to the number of births
occurred in a year per thousand population. It is calculated as:
|
Where; B – Total Births
P – Total Female
Population
K – Constant (i.e. 1000)
2)
Crude Birth Rate – It is expressed in terms of the
number of births occurred in a year per thousand population.
|
Where; B – Total Births
P – Total
Population
K – Constant (i.e. 1000)
3)
Child Woman Ratio – It is expressed in terms of number
of children below five years of age per thousand women in the reproductive age
group.
Number of Children (0 – 4 years)
CWR = × 1000
Total Women (15 – 49 years)
|
4)
General Fertility Rate – It is the ratio of the total live
births occurring in a year for a given area to the number of women in the
child-bearing age group.
Total Live Births
GFR = ×
1000
Total Women (15 – 49 years)
|
5)
Total Fertility Rate – It refers to the total number of
children born to a woman in her life time to the total number of women in
child-bearing age groups.
Total Number of Children
TFR = ×
1000
Total Women (15 – 49 years)
|
6)
Gross Fertility Rate – It is the number of female children
born to a woman in her entire life time.
Total Number of Female Children
GFR = ×
1000
Total Women (15 – 49 years)
|
MORTALITY
It
refers to the permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at time after the
birth has taken place. Still birth and abortion are not included in mortality.
Some
of the measures of Mortality are:
1) Crude Death Rate
2) Infant Mortality Rate
3) Maternal Mortality Rate
4) Child Mortality Rate
5) Life Expectancy
1) Crude Death Rate – It is the ratio of total number of deaths occurring in
given place to the total population of that place. It is calculated as:
|
Where; D – Total Deaths
P – Total
Population
K – Constant (i.e. 1000)
2) Infant Mortality Rate – It is a ratio of infant deaths (babies below one year
age) to the total number of live births registered in same year.
|
Where; d – Total infant Deaths
B – Total Live
Births
K – Constant (i.e. 1000)
3)
Maternal Mortality Rate – It is ratio of pregnant women who
died in a year to the total number of live births registered in a year.
Number of Pregnant mothers died in year
MMR × 1000
Total Number of Live Births
in that year
|
4)
Child Mortality Rate – It is the ratio of death of
children below 5 years to the total number of children aged 1 to 5 years.
Number of death of Children
below 5 years
CMR × 1000
Total Number of Children (1
– 5 years)
|
5)
Life Expectancy – It means the average numbers of
years that a person is expected to live after birth. OR It refers to the
average expectation of life at birth.
In
Bhutan, the average life expectancy is 66 years.
Total
No. of registered death in year at a definite country
LE =
Total No. of persons death
during the same year
QUESTIONS
1)
“Maternal
Mortality Rate used to be very higher in olden days”. Write down FOUR
reasons support this statement.
1.
Due
to lack of health facilities.
2.
Due
to lack of transportation network.
3.
Less
family support.
4.
Lack
of protein or nutritious food.
5.
Due
to early marriage.
2)
“IMR, CMR and MMR have been declined
drastically in the present days”.
Give FOUR reasons to support the statement.
1.
Better
and improved health facilities.
2.
Good
transportation facilities.
3.
High
or improved living standard of the people.
4.
Good
care of mother and baby.
5.
Woman
literacy.
3)
“Life Expectancy of Bhutanese people has
increased from 46 years to 66 years”.
Write down FOUR factors in favour of this statement.
1.
Due
to increased health facilities to the people at large.
2.
Due
to over-all improvement in the living standard of the people.
3.
Due
to advanced science and technology.
4.
Due
to establishment of health centers such as BHUs, clinic centers etc. at village
and gewog level.
TKS
ReplyDeleteTysm la....
ReplyDelete