MIGRATION - Aspect of Population

MIGRATION

Q1. Define Migration.

It is the process of movement of people from one place to another. It is a non-biological component of demographic studies. It helps in the redistribution of population, resources and diffusion of culture.

Q2. Who is a Migrant?

Migrant is defined as the people who have leaved their place of birth for more than 5 years of more.

BASIC – CONCEPTS OF MIGRATION

1.    Internal Migration and International Migration

2.    In – Migration and Out – Migration

3.    Emigration and Immigration

4.    Step Migration and Sequential Migration

Q3. Distinguish between Internal Migration and International Migration.

Internal Migration	International Migration
Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one place to another within the geographical boundary of a country. Ø  Example: A person from Trashigang moves to Thimphu.	Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one country to another by crossing the geographical boundary of a country. Ø  Example: A person from Thimphu moves to Australia.

Q4. How is In – Migration different from Out – Migration?

In – Migration	Out – Migration
Ø  When the people move into a new place from their previous place within the country. Ø  Example: A person moves into Punakha from Gasa.	Ø  When the people move out from their place of residence to some other place within the country. Ø  Example: A person from Gasa moves out to Punakha.

Q5. What is the difference between Emigration and Immigration?

Emigration	Immigration
Ø  When the people move out from their country to some other countries by crossing the geographical boundary. Ø  Example: A person from Bhutan moving out to Thailand.	Ø  When the people move into a new country leaving their previous country by crossing the geographical boundary. Ø  Example: A person from Bhutan entering into Thailand.

Q6. Discuss the distinction between Step Migration and Sequential migration.

Step Migration	Sequential Migration
Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one place to another in steps or stages. Ø  Example: A person moving from village to town and later to a city.	Ø  It is the process of movement of people from one place to another in sequence or line. Ø  Example: Children migrating with their parents and old-aged parents’ moves with their children.

MAJOR TYPES OF MIGRATION

The types of migration in Bhutan can be classified into FOUR types on the bases of origin and destination.

1.    Rural – Rural Migration

2.    Rural – Urban Migration

3.    Urban – Urban Migration

4.    Urban – Rural Migration

1.    Rural – Rural Migration

The process of movement of people between villages either because of social or economic reasons, in search of fertile soil etc.

2.    Rural – Urban Migration

The process of movement of people from village to town or from countryside towards town or cities because of following reasons:

·         Employment opportunities.

·         High and regular wage rate or income.

·         Better facilities such as education, health, transport, communication etc.

·         Drudgery of farm works.

·         Crop damage by wild animals.

·         Lack of facilities, etc.

Q. “Rural – Urban Migration is common in Bhutan”. Do you agree? Write FOUR causes and FOUR solutions to check this migration.

Ø  CAUSES

1.    Employment opportunities in urban areas.

2.    High and regular wage rate or income in urban centers.

3.    Better facilities such as education, health, transport, communication etc. in urban areas.

4.    Drudgery of farm works.

5.    Crop damage by wild animals.

6.    Lack of facilities, etc. in rural areas.

Ø  SOLUTIONS/REMEDIES/MEASURES

1.    Establishment of cottage and small scale industries in the rural areas.

2.    Providing primary education and basic health units in the rural areas.

3.    Construction of farm and feeder roads.

4.  Providing modern amenities such as electricity, safe drinking water, good communication network etc.

5.    By developing agricultural sectors (providing agriculture loans, modern equipments and tools and high yielding varieties of seeds).

7.    Urban – Urban Migration

The process of movement of people from town to town because of government job transfer, trade related reasons etc.

8.    Urban – Rural Migration

The process of movement of people from town to village due to retirement from job, health problems, due to governmental policy in rural development programmes, etc.

MIGRATION TRENDS IN BHUTAN

1.    Intra – Dzongkhag Migration

2.    Inter – Dzongkhag Migration

1.    Intra – Dzongkhag Migration

The migration of people from one place to another within the Dzongkhag is called Intra – Dzongkhag migration.

Example: A person from Phuentsholing town moves to Gaedu town within Chhukha                 Dzongkhag.

2.    Inter – Dzongkhag Migration

The migration of people from one Dzongkhag to another is called Inter – Dzongkhag migration.

Example: A person migrating from Trashigang to Bumthang or Bumthang to Thimphu etc.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

The factors causing migration are:

1.    Economic Factors

2.    Socio-cultural Factors

3.    Demographic Factors

4.    Political Factors

5.    Environmental Factors

The above factors can be grouped into TWO categories – PUSH AND PULL FACTORS.

PUSH FACTORS	PULL FACTORS
1.    Unemployment and underemployment 2.    Low wage rates 3.    Population pressure 4.    Under-population 5.    Lack of  basic amenities 6.    Marriages 7.    Lack of education and health facilities 8.    Lack of infrastructure facilities 9.    Small Land holding 10.  Natural calamities 11.  Climate condition	1.    Better employment opportunities 2.    High and regular wage / income 3.    Job security 4.    Better education and health facilities 5.    Good network of transport and communication 6.    Variety of entertainment 7.    Faster promotion 8.    Better basic needs 9.    Good marketing facilities 10.  Business opportunities 11.  Better living standard

CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION

Advantages (Positive)	Disadvantages (Negative)
1.    Helps in redistribution of population 2.    Proper utilization of resources 3.    Helps in cultural diffusion 4.    Improve living standard 5.    Human resource development 6.    Clean environment due to out­-migration 7.    More inheritance of family properties	1.    Over population and depopulation 2.    Over and under-utilization of resources 3.    Increase crime rates 4.    Social problems 5.    Political problems 6.    Family cohesion 7.    Farm labour shortage